在Java编程中，应用代码绝大多数使用了PreparedStatement,无论你是直接使用JDBC还是使用框架。
在Java编程中，绝大多数使用了使用了PreparedStatement连接MySQL的应用代码没有启用预编译,无论你是直接使用JDBC还是使用框架。在我所能见到的项目中，几乎没有见过启用MySQL预编译功能的。网上更有文章说MySQL不支持预编译，实在是害人不浅。
要想知道你的应用是否真正的使用了预编译，请执行：show global status like '%prepare%';看看曾经编译过几条，当前Prepared_stmt_count 是多少。大多数是0吧？
这篇文章分以下几个方面：
一.MySQL是支持预编译的 打开MySQL日志功能，启动MySQL，然后 tail -f mysql.log.path(默认：/var/log/mysql/mysql.log). create table axman_test (ID int(4) auto_increment primary key, name varchar(20),age int(4)); insert into axman_test (name,age) values ('axman',1000); prepare myPreparedStmt from 'select * from axman_test where name = ?'; set @name='axman'; execute myPreparedStmt using ; 控制台可以正确地输出：mysql> execute myPreparedStmt using ;+----+-------+------+| ID | name | age |+----+-------+------+| 1 | axman | 1000 |+----+-------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) 而log文件中也忠实地记录如下： 111028 9:25:06 51 Query prepare myPreparedStmt from 'select * from axman_test where name = ?' 51 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 51 Query set @name='axman'111028 9:25:08 51 Query execute myPreparedStmt using 51 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 二.通过JDBC本身是可以预编译的，这个不用多说。相当于我们把控制台输入的命令直接通过JDBC语句来执行： Class.forName("org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"); String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql"; Connection conn = null; try { conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "root", "12345678"); Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(); /*以下忽略返回值处理*/ stmt.executeUpdate("prepare mystmt from 'select * from axman_test where name = ?'"); stmt.execute("set @name='axman'"); stmt.executeQuery("execute mystmt using @name"); stmt.close(); } finally { if (conn != null) { conn.close(); } } 看日志输出：111028 9:30:19 52 Connect root@localhost on mysql 52 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name ='language' OR Variable_name = 'net_write_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'interactive_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'wait_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_client' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_connection' OR Variable_name = 'character_set' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_server' OR Variable_name = 'tx_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'transaction_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_results' OR Variable_name = 'timezone' OR Variable_name = 'time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'system_time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'lower_case_table_names' OR Variable_name = 'max_allowed_packet' OR Variable_name = 'net_buffer_length' OR Variable_name = 'sql_mode' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_type' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_size' OR Variable_name = 'init_connect' 52 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SELECT @@session.auto_increment_increment 52 Query SHOW COLLATION 52 Query SET NAMES latin1 52 Query SET character_set_results = NULL 52 Query SET autocommit=1 52 Query SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES' 52 Query prepare mystmt from 'select * from axman_test where name = ?' 52 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 52 Query set @name='axman' 52 Query execute mystmt using @name 52 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 52 Quit
三.默认的PrearedStatement不能开启MySQL预编译功能：
虽然第二节中我们通过JDBC手工指定MySQL进行预编译，但是PrearedStatement却并不自动帮我们做这件事。 Class.forName("org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"); String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql"; Connection conn = null; try { conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "root", "12345678"); PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement("select * from axman_test where name = ?"); ps.setString(1, "axman' or 1==1"); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); if (rs.next()) { System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); } Thread.sleep(1000); rs.close(); ps.clearParameters(); ps.setString(1, "axman"); rs = ps.executeQuery(); if (rs.next()) { System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); } rs.close(); ps.close(); } finally { if (conn != null) { conn.close(); } } 废话少说，直接看日志：111028 9:54:03 53 Connect root@localhost on mysql 53 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name ='language' OR Variable_name = 'net_write_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'interactive_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'wait_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_client' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_connection' OR Variable_name = 'character_set' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_server' OR Variable_name = 'tx_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'transaction_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_results' OR Variable_name = 'timezone' OR Variable_name = 'time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'system_time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'lower_case_table_names' OR Variable_name = 'max_allowed_packet' OR Variable_name = 'net_buffer_length' OR Variable_name = 'sql_mode' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_type' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_size' OR Variable_name = 'init_connect' 53 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SELECT @@session.auto_increment_increment 53 Query SHOW COLLATION 53 Query SET NAMES latin1 53 Query SET character_set_results = NULL 53 Query SET autocommit=1 53 Query SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES' 53 Query select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111028 9:54:04 53 Query select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 53 Quit 两条语句都是直接执行，而没有预编译。注意我的第一条语句select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'，下面还会说到它。 接着我们改变一下jdbc.url的选项： String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql?cachePrepStmts=true&prepStmtCacheSize=25&prepStmtCacheSqlLimit=256"; 执行上面的代码还是没有开启Mysql的预编译。 四.只有使用了useServerPrepStmts=true才能开启Mysql的预编译。 上面的代码其它不变，只修改String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql?useServerPrepStmts=true"; 查看日志： 111028 10:04:52 54 Connect root@localhost on mysql 54 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name ='language' OR Variable_name = 'net_write_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'interactive_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'wait_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_client' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_connection' OR Variable_name = 'character_set' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_server' OR Variable_name = 'tx_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'transaction_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_results' OR Variable_name = 'timezone' OR Variable_name = 'time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'system_time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'lower_case_table_names' OR Variable_name = 'max_allowed_packet' OR Variable_name = 'net_buffer_length' OR Variable_name = 'sql_mode' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_type' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_size' OR Variable_name = 'init_connect' 54 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SELECT @@session.auto_increment_increment 54 Query SHOW COLLATION 54 Query SET NAMES latin1 54 Query SET character_set_results = NULL 54 Query SET autocommit=1 54 Query SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES' 54 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 54 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111028 10:04:53 54 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 54 Close stmt 54 Quit 如果useServerPrepStmts=true，ConneciontImpl在prepareStatement时会产生一个 ServerPreparedStatement.在这个ServerPreparedStatement对象构造时首先会把当前SQL语句发送给 MySQL进行预编译，然后将返回的结果缓存起来，其中包含预编译的名称（我们可以看成是当前SQL语句编译后的函数名），签名（参数列表），然后执行的 时候就会直接把参数传给这个函数请求MySQL执行这个函数。否则返回的是客户端预编译语句，它仅做参数化工作，见第五节。 ServerPreparedStatement在请求预编译和执行预编译后的SQL 函数时，虽然和我们上面手工预编译工作相同，但它与MySQL交互使用的是压缩格式，如prepare指令码是22，这样可以减少交互时传输的数据量。注意上面的代码中，两次执行使用的是同一个PreparedStatement句柄.如果使用个不同的PreparedStatement句柄，把代码改成： Class.forName("org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver"); String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql?useServerPrepStmts=true"; Connection conn = null; try { conn = DriverManager.getConnection(url, "root", "12345678"); PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement("select * from axman_test where name = ?"); ps.setString(1, "axman' or 1==1"); ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery(); if (rs.next()) { System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); } Thread.sleep(1000); rs.close(); ps.close(); ps = conn.prepareStatement("select * from axman_test where name = ?"); ps.setString(1, "axman"); rs = ps.executeQuery(); if (rs.next()) { System.out.println(rs.getString(1)); } rs.close(); ps.close(); } finally { if (conn != null) { conn.close(); } } 再看日志输出： Connect root@localhost on mysql 55 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name ='language' OR Variable_name = 'net_write_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'interactive_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'wait_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_client' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_connection' OR Variable_name = 'character_set' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_server' OR Variable_name = 'tx_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'transaction_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_results' OR Variable_name = 'timezone' OR Variable_name = 'time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'system_time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'lower_case_table_names' OR Variable_name = 'max_allowed_packet' OR Variable_name = 'net_buffer_length' OR Variable_name = 'sql_mode' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_type' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_size' OR Variable_name = 'init_connect' 55 Query /* @MYSQL_CJ_FULL_PROD_NAME@ ( Revision: @MYSQL_CJ_REVISION@ ) */SELECT @@session.auto_increment_increment 55 Query SHOW COLLATION 55 Query SET NAMES latin1 55 Query SET character_set_results = NULL 55 Query SET autocommit=1 55 Query SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES' 55 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 55 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111028 10:10:24 55 Close stmt 55 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 55 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 55 Close stmt 55 Quit 55 Quit 同一个SQL语句发生了两次预编译。这不是我们想要的效果，要想对同一SQL语句多次执行不是每次都预编译，就要使用 cachePrepStmts=true，这个选项可以让JVM端缓存每个SQL语句的预编译结果，说白了就是以SQL语句为key, 将预编译结果缓存起来，下次遇到相同的SQL语句时作为key去get一下看看有没有这个SQL语句的预编译结果，有就直接合出来用。我们还是以事实来说 明： 上面的代码只修改String url = "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mysql?useServerPrepStmts=true&cachePrepStmts=true&prepStmtCacheSize=25&prepStmtCacheSqlLimit=256";这行代码中有其它参数自己去读文档，我不多啰嗦，执行的结果：111028 10:27:23 58 Connect root@localhost on mysql 58 Query /* mysql-connector-java-5.1.18 ( Revision: tonci.grgin@oracle.com-20110930151701-jfj14ddfq48ifkfq ) */SHOW VARIABLES WHERE Variable_name ='language' OR Variable_name = 'net_write_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'interactive_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'wait_timeout' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_client' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_connection' OR Variable_name = 'character_set' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_server' OR Variable_name = 'tx_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'transaction_isolation' OR Variable_name = 'character_set_results' OR Variable_name = 'timezone' OR Variable_name = 'time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'system_time_zone' OR Variable_name = 'lower_case_table_names' OR Variable_name = 'max_allowed_packet' OR Variable_name = 'net_buffer_length' OR Variable_name = 'sql_mode' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_type' OR Variable_name = 'query_cache_size' OR Variable_name = 'init_connect' 58 Query /* mysql-connector-java-5.1.18 ( Revision: tonci.grgin@oracle.com-20110930151701-jfj14ddfq48ifkfq ) */SELECT @@session.auto_increment_increment 58 Query SHOW COLLATION 58 Query SET NAMES latin1 58 Query SET character_set_results = NULL 58 Query SET autocommit=1 58 Query SET sql_mode='STRICT_TRANS_TABLES' 58 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 58 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111028 10:27:24 58 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 58 Quit 注意仅发生一次预编译，尽管代码本身在第一次执行后关闭了ps.close();但因为使用了cachePrepStmts=true,底层并没有真实关闭。
千万注意，同一条SQL语句尽量在一个全局的地方定义，然后在不同地方引用，这样做一是为了DBA方便地对SQL做统一检查和优化，就象IBatis把 SQL语句定义在XML文件中一样。二是同一语句不同写法，即使空格不同，大小写不同也会重新预编译，因为JVM端缓存是直接以SQL本身为key而不会 对SQL格式化以后再做为key。
我们来看下面的输出：
35 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ?
35 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111029 9:54:31 35 Prepare select * FROM axman_test where name = ? 35 Execute select * FROM axman_test where name = 'axman'第一条语句和第二条语句的差别是FROM在第二条语句中被大写了，这样还是发生了两次预编译。
37 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ?
37 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'111029 9:59:00 37 Prepare select * from axman_test where name = ? 37 Execute select * from axman_test where name = 'axman' 这里两条语句只是第二条的from后面多了个空格，因为你现在看到是HTML格式，如果不加转义符，两个空格也显示一个空格，所以你能可看不到区别，但你可以在自己的机器上试一下。五.即使没有开启MySQL的预编译，坚持使用PreparedStatement仍然非常必要。
在第三节的最后我说到"注意我的第一条语句select * from axman_test where name = 'axman\' or 1==1'，下面还会说到它。"，现在我们回过头来看，即使没有开启MySQL端的预编译，我们仍然要坚持使用PreparedStatement，因为 JVM端对PreparedStatement的SQL语句进行了参数化，即用占位符替换参数，以后任何内容输入都是字符串或其它类型的值，而不会和原始 的SQL语句拚接产生SQL注入，对字符串中的任何字符都会做检查，如果可能是SQL语句使用的标识符，会进行转义。然后发送一个合法的安全的SQL语句 给数据库执行。